hopelessness, depression, and child maltreatment are risk factors for

Compared to men, women reported more severe emotional and sexual abuse . Hankin BL. Second, the types of child maltreatment assessed in this meta-analysis do not occur independent of one another. In: Ellis A, Grieger R, editors. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Such findings may indicate that the association between emotional abuse and depression symptoms weakens over time and as individuals enter adulthood. Haslam N, Beck AT. Furthermore, it is a growing public health concern. Childhood and Adolescent Depression | AAFP McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, & Lambert HK (2014). Six of these examined negative inferential styles relative to depressive symptoms in non-selected adult samples (Barnum, Woody, & Gibb, 2013, n = 101; Fletcher, Parker, & Manicavasagar, 2013, n = 381; Haeffel, 2011, n = 87; Hong, 2013, ns = 140 and 210; Hong, Gwee, & Karia, 2006, n = 242; Zhou, Chen, Liu, Lu, & Su, 2013, n = 426), all finding evidence of a positive relationship. Resilience to depressive symptoms: The buffering effects of enhancing cognitive style and positive life events. This study is informative in demonstrating that by early to middle adolescence, stabilization of negative inferential styles has already occurred. In addition, studies conducted in English had larger effect sizes, on average, than did those conducted in other languages. Rose DT, Abramson LY. For the group-based analyses, there was evidence of publication bias from Eggers test for total CTQ scores (Coef. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Just N, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. According to this formulation, children seek to understand the cause of the adverse life events they experience. SDS = Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. These investigators found that emotional abuse (k=8) and neglect (k=6) were most strongly associated with depression (ORs=2.8), and reported a weaker association for physical abuse (k=10; OR=2.0). Collectively, these findings provide mixed support for hopelessness depression as a distinct syndrome. In what was initially termed a reformulation of the theory of learned helplessness, Abramson and colleagues (1978) drew on attribution theory to address this issue. This earlier model of depression was based in part on the finding that dogs that were repeatedly exposed to uncontrollable shocks would cease to attempt to escape even when this possibility was later made available to them (Overmier & Seligman, 1967; Seligman & Maier, 1967). In contrast, among those in which cognitive diatheses are largely absent, a quite substantial rate or magnitude of life stressors is required to confer risk for depression. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, with estimates for lifetime rates of its occurrence ranging from 13.2% to 16.6% (Hasin, Goodwin, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Kessler et al., 2005). Cohen JR, Young JF, Abela JRZ. 1The symptom profile for hopelessness depression has been revised since the initial formulation of the hopelessness theory (i.e., retarded initiation of voluntary responses; sad affect; suicide; fatigue; apathy; psychomotor retardation; sleep disturbance; concentration difficulties; mood-exacerbated negative cognitions). A trim and fill procedure identified 0 missing studies. It is worth noting within this context that the fifth study, which generally provided the most support for hopelessness depression as a syndrome, was not subject to this restriction. This formulation is supported by empirical work: emotional maltreatment during childhood has been found to be associated with negative self-referential processing (Steinberg, Gibb, Alloy, & Abramson, 2003), one potential risk pathway for depression. Childhood emotional maltreatment, cognitive vulnerability to depression, and self-referent information processing in adulthood: Reciprocal relations, Stress, sensitive periods and maturational events in adolescent depression. What follows below is a summary of the etiological chain detailed in this theory, including its subsequent extensions, to account for depressogenic risk, progressing from more distal to more proximal processes. Download .nbib Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. Thus far, 18 studies have either assessed negative inferential styles in relation to depressive symptoms or episodes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Several of these studies found support for this relationship using the weakest-link approach (Abela, McGirr, et al., 2007; Abela et al., 2009; Abela & Sarin, 2002). The etiological pathway to depression and suicide delineated in the fully elaborated hopelessness theory. Psychometric functioning, socio-demogiapic variability of childhood maltreatment in the general population and its effects of depression, International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. Given the exploratory nature of this study, future replication is required before firm conclusions may be reached regarding the existence of this association. NIMH Depression Cognitive vulnerability as conceptualized in the hopelessness theory is of clinical relevance insofar as it can account for the etiology of depression. Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Depressogenic inferential styles, negative events, and depressive symptoms in youth: An attempt to reconcile past inconsistent findings. Negative inferential styles were associated with onset of major and minor depression. Abela JRZ, Sarin S. Cognitive vulnerability to hopelessness depression: A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. Rochester Symposium of Developmental Psychopathology. Zalewski M, Cyranowski JM, Cheng Y, & Swartz HA (2013). Finally, we noted a considerable amount of conceptual confusion in the empirical literature between the reformulated learned helplessness theory (Abramson et al., 1978) and the hopelessness theory. Reports of childhood emotional abuse were associated with elevated levels of hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Muscatell KA, Humphreys KL, & Brosso SN (2018). As no unique studies meeting our inclusion criteria were uncovered, we present here the results of our litereature search in PsycINFO. Only when the cognitive vulnerability domain (e.g., interpersonal) matches the content-domain of the negative life event (e.g., breakup of a relationship) does the interaction between the two place the individual at increased risk for developing depression. The same pattern was found for both sexual abuse (English: g = 0.65 [95% CI, [0.48, 0.82], Z = 7.40, p < .001; non-English: g = 0.37 [95% CI, [0.31, 0.42], Z = 12.46, p < .001) and emotional neglect (English: g = 1.17 [95% CI, [0.93, 1.42], Z = 9.29,p < .001; non-English: g = 0.85 [95% CI, [0.73, 0.96], Z = 14.16, p < .001). Second, we reviewed the bibliographies for additional studies using forward and backward searching. Cognitive vulnerability to depressive symptoms in adolescents in urban and rural Hunan, China: A multiwave longitudinal study. As noted above, this may largely be due to the issue of inadequate content validity in the existing research in this area. Indeed, if a main effect for negative inferential styles, but not the hypothesized interaction with negative life events, were detected, such a finding would run contrary with the hopelessness theory. Sutton JM, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Griffith JW, Rose RD, Mor N. The relationships of personality and cognitive styles with self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. For reasons previously noted, the cross-sectional nature of these studies indicates the need for caution in interpreting their findings. Analyses conducted within the 20 studies with child/adolescent samples yielded a larger association (Z = .45 [95% CI, .35.54]) than did the 59 studies that included adults (Z = .36 [95% CI, .32.39]), although in both cases the estimates significantly differed from zero (Z = 9.28, p < .001 and Z = 20.86, p < .001, respectively) and remained significantly heterogeneous. Kraemer HC, Mintz J, Noda A, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage JA. Childhood abuse and stress generation: The mediational effect of depressogenic cognitive styles. Cole DA, Ciesla JA, Dallaire DH, Jacquez FM, Pineda AQ, LaGrange B, Felton JW. Cumulative Childhood Maltreatment and Depression Among Incarcerated Another trend evident across several studies is that this interaction may be specific to depression relative to other symptoms of psychopathology (Abela et al., 2011; Hankin, 2008b; Metalsky & Joiner, 1992, but for an exception, see Brozina & Abela, 2006), and particularly hopelessness depressive rather than general depressive symptoms (Abela et al., 2009; Abela & Payne, 2003; Abela & Sarin, 2002). Abela JRZ, Aydin C, Auerbach RP. As with the correlational analyses, there was a significant association between total CTQ scores and a diagnosis of depression (Figure 3). NS = not specified. Infurna MR, Reichl C, Parzer P, Schimmenti A, Bifulco A, & Kaess M (2016). TDS = trait depression subscale of the State-Trait Depression Questionnaire. Schulz A, Becker M, Van Der Auwera S, Barnow S, Appel K, Mahler J, Grabe HJ (2014). thoughts of suicide. (2016) found that psychological abuse and neglect were the types of maltreatment most strongly associated with depression, and reported weaker, although still statistically significant, associations for sexual abuse. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation Each study satisfied the following inclusion criteria: (a) dimensional measurement of child maltreatment using the CTQ (either the long or short form); (b) dichotomous or dimensional assessment of depression; and (c) available data to calculate effect sizes (i.e., standardized mean difference in studies examining depression group and Z in studies examining depression scores). The relationship between childhood abuse and dissociation. Taxometric analysis: I. Detecting taxonicity with two quantitative indicators using means above and below a sliding cut (MAMBAC procedure). CH. 2 Risk factors for Child Maltreatment Flashcards | Quizlet Personality and depressive symptoms: Stress generation and cognitive vulnerabilities to depression in a prospective daily diary study. Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, & Anda RF (2003). Several qualifications are worth mentioning, however, for interpreting these findings. Note. Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Depression is one of the most disabling mental disorders, showing a heterogeneous clinical presentation and it is related to different risk factors such as biological, psychological, and environmental ().The relationship between risk factors for depression is complex, involving several interconnected pathways which can eventually shape the clinical presentation and outcome of . Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner TE. When the p-value associated with the Q statistic was equal to or less than .05, we conducted random-effects meta-regression analyses to determine whether the study characteristics described above could explain variability across studies. The interpersonal theory of suicide. With regards to the construct of hopelessness depression, one of the most unexpected findings of the current review is that none of the studies under consideration examined clinically significant hopelessness depression (i.e., depressive episodes) in relation to negative inferential styles or its putative antecedents. No other associations were characterized by statistically significant tests of publication bias. Negative inferential styles have been associated with parental CEA (Gibb & Abela, 2008; n =140; Padilla Paredes & Calvete, 2014) and peer victimization in youth (Mezulis et al., 2006; Padilla Paredes & Calvete, 2014). The role of specific early trauma in adult depression: A meta-analysis of published literature. Auerbach RP, Ho M-HR. Specifically, unlike Metalsky and Joiner (1992), Abela (2001) did not find evidence of mediation by hopelessness. The prevalence of different kinds of child abuse and the characteristics that differentiate abused from nonabused male adolescents. Because cumulative maltreatment, impulsivity, and hopelessness might be antecedents of both depression severity and general antisocial . According to this expansion, adaptive inferential feedback serves to both temper the development of negative inferential styles and correct existing negative event-specific inferences. Instead, only in the presence of negative life events should individuals possessing these cognitive diatheses be at greater risk for becoming hopeless and depressed. One study relatively untouched by these issues examined negative inferential styles in relation to suicidal ideation in a sample of college students with elevated depressive symptoms (Kleiman, Law, & Anestis, 2014, n = 245), finding negative inferential styles to be positively associated with suicidal ideation, with baseline perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, as conceptualized in Joiners interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010), mediating this relation. King LS, Humphreys KL, & Gotlib IH (2019). This helplessness, in turn, results in depression. In future studies featuring samples with higher levels of CPA and CSA, what may be interesting to observe is whether all three forms of abuse are prospectively associated with negative inferential styles, but with this association being strongest for CEA (e.g., statistically significant differences in beta weights). Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: A prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. The negative intercept (Coef. Cognitive vulnerabilities as predictors of stress generation in early adolescence: Pathway to depressive symptoms. Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies - PubMed and transmitted securely. Childrens understanding of dispositional characteristics of others. Abramson LY, Alloy LB, Hogan ME, Whitehouse WG, Gibb BE, Hankin BL, Cornette MM. In addition, in order to examine whether there was specificity in the association between different types of child maltreatment and depression, we conducted analyses across five types of maltreatment, all assessed using the same measure of child maltreatment (i.e., the CTQ). Lawlor M, Corcoran P, Chambers D. Suicide attempts v. deliberate self-harm: A response. Further, unlike prior meta-analyses that vary in the forms of maltreatment that were considered in their assessments, our approach allows us not only to probe associations between depression and overall maltreatment, but also to assess specific types of maltreatment measured at the same time using the same scale. Emotional Maltreatment, Peer Victimization, and Depressive versus Hong RY, Gwee K, Karia M. The role of event-specific pessimistic inferences in the etiological chain of hopelessness depression. Poor appetite or overeating. For example, it was not uncommon for studies ostensibly of the hopelessness theory instead to provide an evaluation of the reformulated learned helplessness theory. In addition, there was evidence of significant heterogeneity for all outcomes. Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients. Mandelli L, Petrelli C, & Serretti A (2015). PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire. The six studies assessing negative inferential styles and depressive symptoms in non-selected samples of children and adolescents were consistent in reporting a positive association (Calvete, Orue, & Hankin, 2013, n = 1,187; Dunbar et al., 2013, n = 165; Hamilton et al., 2013, n = 301; Mezulis & Rudolph, 2012, n = 113; Sutton et al., 2011, n = 550; Young, LaMontagne, Dietrich, & Wells, 2012, n = 111). Child Maltreatment 17(4) 306-317 . Moderating effects of resilience on depression in individuals with a history of childhood abuse or trauma exposure. Mezulis AH, Rudolph ME. Dunbar JP, McKee L, Rakow A, Watson KH, Forehand R, Compas BE. CES-D = The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The second taxometric analysis, utilizing a depressed adolescent inpatient sample (n = 160), found these symptoms to exhibit a continuous rather than categorical latent structure, but also reported low internal consistency (Whisman & Pinto, 1997). For emotional abuse, however, we did find evidence of a larger effect in the relation to child depressive symptoms than those found in adult samples. Moreover, experiences of maltreatment, as well as characterization of depression, may better be considered along a dimension (i.e., people vary in the severity of their maltreatment experiences [Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015; King, Humphreys, & Gotlib, 2019; McLaughlin, Sheridan, & Lambert, 2014] and depression to be represented both dimensionally and categorically [Ruscio & Ruscio, 2000]). Building on the reformulated helplessness theory, the hopelessness theory reduced the prominence of causal attributions, instead characterizing negative inferential styles as involving three forms of inferential tendencies in response to a negative event: (1) inferring stable and global causes (rather than unstable and specific causes) for the event, (2) inferring negative consequences of the event, and (3) inferring negative self-characteristics.

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