. It generally uses traditional Cyrillic script (poluustav); however, certain texts (mostly prayers) are printed in modern alphabets with the spelling adapted to rules of local languages (for example, in Russian/Ukrainian/Bulgarian/Serbian Cyrillic or in Hungarian/Slovak/Polish Latin). , - . vlk, V sg. [49][50] Some researchers do not differentiate between manuscripts of the two recensions, preferring to group them together in a "Macedo-Bulgarian"[51] or simply "Bulgarian" recension. This glyph variant can be found in a single 15th century manuscript, in the Old Church Slavonic phrase " " (abbreviated " ") ( serafimi mnogooitii, "many-eyed seraphim "). This letter varied in pronunciation from region to region; it may have originally represented the reflexes of, After , , , c, dz, t, and d, this letter was pronounced identically to. After the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864, Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Preslav were of great importance to the Eastern Orthodox faith and the Old Church Slavonic liturgy in the First Bulgarian Empire. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners. Old Church Slavonic was the first Slavic literary language and was written in two alphabets known as Glagolitic and Cyrillic (the invention of Glagolitic has been ascribed to St. Cyril). The Russian recension emerged after the 10th century on the basis of the earlier Bulgarian recension, from which it differed slightly. [9] The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire. The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire. The oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts,[3] and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts. Old Church Slavonic Online Lesson 1 Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. Old Church Slavonic was the first Slavic literary language. The obsolete[24] term Old Slovenian[24][25][26][27] was used by early 19th-century scholars who conjectured that the language was based on the dialect of Pannonia. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts or fonts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration or look-alike "volapuk" encoding to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Saint Methodius | Christian theologian | Britannica In some documents the original supershort vowels and merged with one letter taking the place of the other. [6][7][8][9] The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril. See Early Cyrillic alphabet for a detailed description of the script and information about the sounds it originally expressed. Knowledge of Old Church Slavonic is important for understanding the cultural, literary, and linguistic history of any modern Slavic language. The first Church Slavonic printed book was the Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483) in angular Glagolitic, followed shortly by five Cyrillic liturgical books printed in Krakw in 1491. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek fonts that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic fonts are much the same as modern Latin fonts of the same font family. [10][11] It is thought to have been based primarily on the dialect of the 9th-century Byzantine Slavs living in the Province of Thessalonica (in present-day Greece). A Glossary of Old Church Slavonic - Archive.org Old Church Slavonic - Wikiwand Why Study Old Church Slavonic? Serbian Church Slavonic, Russian Church Slavonic, Ukrainian Church Slavonic in Early Cyrillic script, Croatian Church Slavonic in Croatian angular Glagolitic and later in Latin script, Czech Church Slavonic, Slovak Church Slavonic in Latin script, Bulgarian Church Slavonic in Early Cyrillic and Bulgarian Glagolitic scripts, etc.) [citation needed], Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. (The Gospels were also translated early, but it is unclear whether Cyril or Methodius had a hand in this.). [41] A few sounds are given in Slavic transliterated form rather than in IPA, as the exact realisation is uncertain and often differs depending on the area that a text originated from. [33] Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns: Similarly to Latin fonts, italic and cursive types of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. [9] Examples include: What follows is a list of modern recensions or dialects of Church Slavonic. Of the Old Church Slavonic canon, about two-thirds is written in Glagolitic. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter. The following 24 files are in this category, out of 24 total. vlc). . Praise Him Church | Salto SP Aufl., Heidelberg 1919. All original six verbal tenses, seven nominal cases, and three numbers are intact in most frequently used traditional texts (but in the newly composed texts, authors avoid most archaic constructions and prefer variants that are closer to modern Russian syntax and are better understood by the Slavic-speaking people). Church Slavonic is also used by Greek Catholic Churches in Slavic countries, for example the Croatian, Slovak and Ruthenian Greek Catholics, as well as by the Roman Catholic Church (Croatian and Czech recensions). [52][53] Others, as Horace Lunt, have changed their opinion with time. Some letters and breathing marks which were used only for historical reasons were dropped. It is used in business, government, and other official documents. R. Teb Hspodi. Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". For that purpose, Cyril and Methodius started to translate religious literature into Old Church Slavonic, allegedly basing the language on the Slavic dialects spoken in the hinterland of their hometown, Thessaloniki,[b] in present-day Greece. R. To you, O Lord. The language variety that was used in the area started shaping the modern Macedonian dialects. The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. Sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet. [13] The commonly accepted terms in modern English-language Slavic studies are Old Church Slavonic and Old Church Slavic. Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. Saint Cyril | Christian theologian | Britannica These local varieties are collectively known as the Church Slavonic language.[37]. West European typography culture was also adopted. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character. [4] A major event was the development of the Cyrillic script in Bulgaria at the Preslav Literary School in the 9th century. The most important authors in Old Church Slavonic after the death of Methodius and the dissolution of the Great Moravian academy were Clement of Ohrid (active also in Great Moravia), Constantine of Preslav, Chernorizetz Hrabar and John Exarch, all of whom worked in medieval Bulgaria at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. In the mid-1970s, Lunt held that the differences in the initial OCS were neither great enough nor consistent enough to grant a distinction between a 'Macedonian' recension and a 'Bulgarian' one. Productive classes are o/jo-, a/ja- and i-stems. The first form developed into the second. These various Church Slavonic recensions were used as a liturgical and literary language in all Orthodox countries north of the Mediterranean region during the Middle Ages, even in places where the local population was not Slavic (especially in Romania). - Wiktionary, the free dictionary Some languages, including Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported. Old Church Slavonic was readily adopted in other Slavic regions, where, with local modifications, it remained the religious and literary language of Orthodox Slavs throughout the Middle Ages. These modified varieties or recensions (e.g. [67], The Bosnian recension used the Bosnian Cyrillic alphabet (better known as Bosanica) and the Glagolitic alphabet.[68][69]. It was used in numerous 19th-century sources, e.g. For example, the Freising Fragments, dating from the 10th century, show some linguistic and cultural traits of Old Church Slavonic, but they are usually not included in the canon, as some of the phonological features of the writings appear to belong to certain Pannonian Slavic dialect of the period. Different strains of nationalists have tried to 'claim' Old Church Slavonic; thus OCS has also been variously called Old Bulgarian, Old Croatian, Old Macedonian or Old Serbian, or even Old Slovak, Old Slovenian. What are its origins and who spoke it? In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Czech and Slovak, the Cyrillic alphabet is also known as azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the term alphabet came from the first two Greek letters alpha and beta). Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages: The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,[40] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_Slavonic&oldid=1171291120. Greek Catholic variants of Church Slavonic books printed in variants of the Latin alphabet (a method used in Austro-Hungary and Czechoslovakia) just contain the letter "i" for yat. This recension is exemplified by the Kiev Folia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages. It seems to have been generally pronounced, This letter had no phonetic value, and was used only as a numeral. [43] The palatal alternants of velars occur before front vowels in all other environments, where dental alternants do not occur, as well as in various places in inflection and word formation described below. With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. [Thanks to Natalia Kondrashova for a helpful discussion of some of the topics discussed in this post.] The most widespread recension, Russian, has several local sub-dialects in turn, with slightly different pronunciations. The Church Slavonic language is actually a set of at least four different dialects (recensions or redactions; Russian: , izvod), with essential distinctions between them in dictionary, spelling (even in writing systems), phonetics, and other aspects. [citation needed], Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. R. Amen. This Cyrillic adaptation is based on various ancient Latin manuscripts written in Greek alphabet which are shown in J. N. Adams' book Billingualism and Latin Language, given the fact that the Cyrillic alphabet is derived from . Similarly, the Ostromir Gospels exhibits dialectal features that classify it as East Slavic, rather than South Slavic so it is not included in the canon either. [41] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages. [45][46][47] It did not represent one regional dialect but a generalized form of early eastern South Slavic, which cannot be localized. in the Russian recension). Initially Old Church Slavonic was written with the Glagolitic alphabet, but later Glagolitic was replaced by Cyrillic,[40] which was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire by a decree of Boris I of Bulgaria in the 9th century. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. To view digital images of these Brazil, So Paulo, Catholic Church Records, click here. Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and undertaking the task of translating the Gospels and necessary liturgical books into it[9] as part of the Christianization of the Slavs. . They not only preached in a Slavic language, Old Church Slavonic, but also translated portions of the Christian scriptures into that language and used them in divine services. They feature the following linguistic characteristics: Due to the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria in 1396, Serbia saw an influx of educated scribes and clergy who re-introduced a more classical form, closer resembling the Bulgarian recension. They not only preached in a Slavic language, Old Church Slavonic, but also translated portions of the Christian scriptures into that language and used them in divine services . Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia. Nascimentos, 73511, 1930 dez-1931 ago. 'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library, This page was last edited on 19 August 2023, at 15:40. Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Ohrid Folios (Ohr), 2 folios, 11th century, Rila Folios (Ri, Ril), 2 folios and 5 fragments, 11th century, Zographos Fragments (Zogr. "Origins of Russian Printing". Significant later recensions of Old Church Slavonic (referred to as Church Slavonic) in the present time include: Slovene, Croatian, Serbian and Russian. As of 2019[update], around 250million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them. In all cases, denasalization of the yuses occurred; so that only Old Church Slavonic, modern Polish and some isolated Bulgarian dialects retained the old Slavonic nasal vowels. Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: Toggle Basis and local influences subsection. For English equivalents and narrow transcriptions of sounds, see Old Church Slavonic Pronunciation on Wiktionary. [4][5][6][7] At the time, the Preslav Literary School was the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:[6]. Paleographers consider the earliest features of Bosnian Cyrillic script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period. SOURCES OF OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC. Manuscripts written in the Second Bulgarian Empire (11851396) have, on the other hand, few Western Slavic features. Nascimentos, 37077, 1929 out-1930 mai. The Cyrillic script ( / srlk / sih-RIL-ik ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. The application was created as a tool for the quick conversion of Cyrillic and Glagolitic numerals that occur in Old Church Slavonic (OCS) as well as younger Church Slavonic manuscripts. Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) is associated with the names and the missionary and diplomatic 5 activities of two brothers from Thessalonica, Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius, in late 9th- . Abecedarium Slavorum was invented by Habib to write the Latin language with the Church Slavonic / Old Cyrillic script. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards remain in use only in Church Slavonic. For a list and descriptions of extinct recensions, see the article on the Old Church Slavonic language. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The only well-preserved manuscript of the Moravian recension, the Kiev Folia, is characterised by the replacement of some South Slavic phonetic and lexical features with Western Slavic ones. I have scanned a very nicely typeset Church Slavonic Cyrillic version of the Jesus prayer. Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. International Digital. The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors. You can convert: OCS Cyrillic numerals into Arabic numerals, OCS Glagolitic numerals into Arabic numerals, Arabic numerals into OCS numerals, expressed both in . Agafia (). Certain visible distinctions may include: The Old Moscow recension is in use among Old Believers and Co-Believers. ), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. Prague Fragments), legends and glosses. Codex Slavicus Granatensis Tabla.jpg 366 530; 94 KB. Old Church Slavonic was written in Glagolitic for only about 300 years; Glagolitic gradually gave way to Cyrillic, which is still used for Church Slavonic service books in Orthodox Christian churches and (in modernized form) for certain modern Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian. Before the eighteenth century, Church Slavonic was in wide use as a general literary language in Russia. Sample editions include: Church Slavonic is in very limited use among Czech Catholics. Multiocular O - Wikipedia Media related to Early Cyrillic at Wikimedia Commons, Medieval Greek Uncial manuscripts from which early Cyrillic letter forms take their shapes. We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! According to the decision of the All-Russian Church Council of 19171918, service in Russian or Ukrainian can be permitted in individual parishes when approved by church authorities. The name "Cyrillic" often confuses people who are not familiar with the script's history, because it does not identify the country of origin - Bulgaria (in contrast to the "Greek alphabet"). Old Church Slavonic spread to other South-Eastern, Central, and Eastern European Slavic territories, most notably Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and principalities of the Kievan Rus' while retaining characteristically Eastern South Slavic linguistic features. Attestation of Church Slavonic traditions appear in Early Cyrillic and Glagolitic script. As a result of the first and the second Slavic palatalizations, velars alternate with dentals and palatals. The language and the Glagolitic alphabet, as taught at the Great Moravian Academy (Slovak: Vekomoravsk uilite), were used for government and religious documents and books between 863 and 885. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic fonts: for example, italic Cyrillic is the lowercase counterpart of not of . As of Unicode version 15.0, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks: The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. Pg 301 "Old Church Slavonic, the liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox Church, is based on the Thessalonican dialect of Old Macedonian, one of the South Slavic languages.". [3] Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent [j] plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant. The font is free to use. ", "The Latinisation of Cyrillic Characters", "Church Slavic (ALA-LC Romanization Tables)", "Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic in TEX and Unicode", Old Cyrillic [ ] text entry application, churchslavonic Typesetting documents in Church Slavonic language using Unicode, fonts-churchslavonic Fonts for typesetting in Church Slavonic language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Cyrillic_alphabet&oldid=1171385160, When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced. In addition, Church Slavonic is used by some churches which consider themselves Orthodox but are not in communion with the Orthodox Church, such as the Montenegrin Orthodox Church and the Russian True Orthodox Church. The phonetic value of the corresponding vocalized strong jer is dialect-specific. B. Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography", in, This page was last edited on 20 August 2023, at 20:18. The 1186 Miroslav Gospels belong to the Serbian recension. Many, but not all, occurrences of the imperfect tense have been replaced with the perfect. For example, the opening of the Gospel of John, by tradition the first words written down by Saints Cyril and Methodius, ( ) "In the beginning was the Word", were set as " " in the Ostrog Bible of Ivan Fedorov (1580/1581) and as in the Elizabethan Bible of 1751, still in use in the Russian Orthodox Church. Old Church Slavonic Online - University of Texas at Austin ], still use Church Slavonic in their services and chants as of 2021.[39]. announcements of new fonts for the Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet announcements of all new fonts for any writing system Related Links. . For similar reasons, Russian linguist Aleksandr Vostokov used the term Slav-Bulgarian. a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Prostov, Eugene Victor. Yeri () was originally a ligature of Yer and I ( + = ). [citation needed]. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation. We debunk all the myths that you might. The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Description. It was used in the 9th century by the missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius, who were natives of Thessalonica, for preaching to the Moravian Slavs and for translating the Bible into Slavic. [36] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. Cetveroevand'elje458.jpg 1,800 2,500; 2.48 MB. Although it was never spoken per se outside church services, members of the priesthood, poets, and the educated tended to slip its expressions into their speech. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. This is from the back of an Icon I received as a gift, I m not sure of the source. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Angelar, Sava and other scholars. . Complete Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic character set with all historical characters from Unicode 5.1 up to Unicode 8.0 (June 2015); Additional characters and variants in the Private Use Area of Unicode; Regular (upright), slanted (oblique) and bold weight available. Dated to 10251050 AD. Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it. Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. In 885 Pope Stephen V prohibited the use of Old Church Slavonic in Great Moravia in favour of Latin. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity. [1] The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanovi Karadi, who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e. Old Church Slavonic or Church Slavonic is a literary language which developed from the language used by St Cyril and St Methodius, 9th century missionaries from Byzantium, to translate the Bible and other religious works. University of Pittsburg - Slovak Studies Program - What was Old Church Slavic. Old Church Slavonic: Cyrillic: m (slovnsk jzyk), m (slovnsk) Polish: (jzyk) staro-cerkiewno-sowiaski m; Portuguese: eslavo eclesistico m, antigo eslavo eclesistico m; Romanian: (limba) slav veche f, slavona bisericeasc f Here are some of the names used by speakers of modern Slavic languages: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts as part of the Christianization of the Slavs. The most easily observable peculiarities of books in this recension are: The variant differences are limited to the lack of certain sounds in Serbian phonetics (there are no sounds corresponding to letters and , and in certain cases the palatalization is impossible to observe, e.g. Boris I of Bulgaria (r.852889) received and officially accepted them; he established the Preslav Literary School and the Ohrid Literary School. Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century. Another major difference is the use of in the Rusyn variant. The Unicode implementation of Cyrillic is described in chapter 7 (European Alphabetic Scripts) of The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0. The Russian Old Believers and the Co-Believers also use Church Slavonic. Theodore Lyudogovsky and Deacon Maxim Plyakin, Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "St. Clement of Ohrid Cathedral About Saint Clement of Ohrid", "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire", Religion and Language in Post-Soviet Russia, Liturgical languages of Slavic local churches: a current situation, Old Church Slavonic and the Macedonian recension of the Church Slavonic language, Elka Ulchar, What Languages are Actually Spoken in Ukraine, Orthodox Christian Liturgical Texts in Church Slavonic, Slavonic - the input tool for Church Slavonic. [6] Moreover, unlike the other literary centre in the First Bulgarian Empire, the Ohrid Literary School, which continued to use Glagolitic well into the 12th century, the School at Preslav was using Cyrillic in the early 900s. The vocabulary and syntax, whether in scripture, liturgy, or church missives, are generally somewhat modernised in an attempt to increase comprehension. The Cyrillic alphabet on birch bark document 591 from ancient Novgorod (Russia). In Bulgarian typography, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. 4562. Some Orthodox churches, such as the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Macedonian Orthodox Church Ohrid Archbishopric, as well as several Eastern Catholic Churches[which? It's preserved in religious texts (e.g. The language as it appeared after the 12th century in its various local forms is known as Church Slavonic; this language has continued as a liturgical language into modern times. In Cyrillic alphabet. The Thrice-Holy Hymn Holy God, Holy and Mighty, Holy and Immortal, have mercy on us. Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright, eds. The common term "Middle Bulgarian" is usually contrasted to "Old Bulgarian" (an alternative name for Old Church Slavonic), and loosely used for manuscripts whose language demonstrates a broad spectrum of regional and temporal dialect features after the 11th century. [citation needed], A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian, and Romanian (in the Republic of Moldova until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities throughout the 19th century).
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