Contact and Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. INSTRUCTION MANUAL Instructions for Patient Health 2021;83(4):32837. WebSee PHQ-9 Scoring on next page. www.phqscreeners.com 2006;44(11):S152-S70. Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire- 7 (GAD-7) are short screening instruments used for Residence was representative across the 19 autonomous provinces and cities; Andalusia (n = 356, 18.3%), Aragon (n = 47, 2.4%), Asturias (n = 46, 2.4%), Balearic Islands (n = 27, 1.4%), Canary Islands (n = 79, 4.1%), Cantabria (n = 31, 1.6%), Castile-La Mancha (n = 66, 3.4%), Castile and Leon (n = 122, 6.3%), Catalonia (n = 266, 13.6%), Ceuta (n = 3, 0.2%), Extremadura (n = 54, 2.8%), Galicia (n = 145, 7.4%), Madrid (n = 291, 14.9%), Melilla (n =3, 0.2%), Region of Murcia (n = 61, 3.1%), Navarra (n = 35, 1.8%), Basque Country (n = 85, 4.4%), La Rioja (n = 16, 0.8%) and Valencian Community (n = 215, 11.0%). Data from nationally representative surveys in UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy (combined N = 6,054) were used to fit confirmatory factor analytic and multiple-indictor multiple-causes models. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Not at all 0. GAD7 By using this website, you agree to our Results from the multiple-group CFA indicated a similar unidimensional factor structure with equivalent response patterns and item intercepts, but different variances, across language-preference groups. In the exploratory factor analysis, a single factor with an eigenvalue greater than one was found, accounting for 72% of the variance in the correlation matrix. PHQ-9T and GAD-7 with Scoring Guidelines - Assessment eCollection 2022. Additionally, although the English and Spanish versions of the measure have been validated separately, no explicit test of the invariance of the dimensionality of the measure across language versions has been performed. STOPP. The PHQ and GAD scores all showed non-normal distributions (see Table S2) so we also analysed the data using a non-parametric test, the Kruskal-Wallis Test, and it confirmed the rejection of the null hypothesis of equal means (F = 129.01, df = 3, p < .001). Methods: What is PHQ-9. Appendix B: PHQ-7 GAD - Cambridgeshire Community Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorderscale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enhancing the clinical utility of depression screening. Multiple fit indices were jointly examined when assessing model fit. WebDuring the development of PRIME-MD, Drs. WebCut points of 5, 10, and 15 might be interpreted as representing mild, moderate, and severe levels of anxiety on the GAD-7, similar to levels of depression on the PHQ-9. Relatedly, diagnostic interviews were not conducted, precluding any discussion of the concurrent criterion validity of the measure. Get Phq9 And Gad7 Pdf Printable Sheet 2020-2023 - US Legal Forms GAD-7 CAS Each of the 7 questions can be rated from 0 to 3 on the scale introduced above. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lwe B. 2023 Apr;12(Suppl 1):5-12. doi: 10.1007/s40120-023-00469-6. 2021 Mar 1;282:1021-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.005. Validation Notes. A non-significant chi-square and values greater than 0.90 for the CFI and TLI were considered to reflect acceptable model fit. The standardised regression coefficients from the country variables to the depression latent variable indicated that there was no significant difference in the factor means for the UK and Ireland ( = 0.023, p = .138), but higher means for Spain ( = 0.090, p < .001) and Italy ( = 0.082, p < .001); the effect sizes were small, accounting for less than 1% of the variance in the depression latent variable (R-square = 0.009, p < .001). Visit our website to book an appointment online: Esperanza Behavioral Health . Tratar con las emociones negativas - Dealing with Negative Emotions. Satorra & Bentler, 2001) was used when assessing model fit because the 2 maximum likelihood ratio may be inflated when the data are multivariately non-normal. Awadalla S, Davies EB, Glazebrook C. A longitudinal cohort study to explore the relationship between depression, anxiety and academic performance among Emirati university students. WebThe Kessler 6 & Kessler 10 are mental health screening tools used with a general adult population. 2017;210:33844. Medical Care. All participants gave their informed electronic consent to participate in the survey. Participants were a community sample of 436 self-identified Hispanic American men and women (English language preference n = 210, Spanish language preference n = 226). The primary objective in this study was to test for DIF on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items based on age, sex (males and females), and country (UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy). 41 Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) Child Version-Page 1 of 2 (To be filled out by the CHILD) Name : _____ Date : _____ Directions : Below is a list of sentences that describe how people feel. Steiger JH. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. n PHQ scores 10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. Factorial invariance of a computerized version of the GAD-7 across various demographic groups and over time in primary care patients. WebPHQ and GAD-7 Instructions P. 2/9 Each PHQ module can be used alone (e.g. Add the Phq 9 gad 7 for redacting. Accessibility The one-factor solution fit the data well for both groups (see Table 3). WebDepression: PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) PTSD: PC-PTSD-5 Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) Substance Use Screening. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000245142.74628.ab, Zumbo BD. A process followed whereby the path with the largest MI/SEPC was freely estimated in the model and the model was re-estimated. WebPHQ-9 Depression Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you GAD-7 Anxiety Severity. Ethical approval was obtained by the Social Research Ethics Committee at Maynooth University [Ref SRESC-2020-2402202]. phq-9 spanish. PHQ-9 This continued until there were no MIs/SEPCs greater than 10/0.20. Background The Spanish version of the PHQ-9 [10] has been validated in some Latin American. This assumption is also known as measurement invariance [12]. BackgroundCross-cultural evidence on the factorial structure and invariance of the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 is lacking for South Asia. Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ -. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Kolc KL, Tan YXK, Lo AZY, Shvetcov A, Mitchell PB, Perkes IE. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the goodness of fit of the hypothesized uni-dimensional factor structure of the GAD-7, and to evaluate measurement invariance across English and Spanish language-preference groups, as recommended by Dimitrov (2010). WebPHQ-9* Questionnaire for Depression Scoring and Interpretation Guide For physician use only Scoring: Count the number (#) of boxes checked in a column. 1989;74(6):91221. 1990;25(1):11536. The main longitudinal studies in the United Kingdom (UK), for example, use both measures as primary indicators of population mental health and changes over time [7, 8]. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study is available at https://osf.io/zjnhk/. English language GAD-7 total scores (M = 4.17, SD = 4.64, range: 0 - 21) were lower than Spanish language total scores (M = 5.68, SD = 5.74, range: 0 21), t (424) = 2.99, p = .003. 1368 students (mean age 22.54.8) completed the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 questionnaires online; after the completion of the survey, students were asked to provide phone contact for an additional interview. Internal consistency reliability was strong for both language groups. One statistical approach to assess measurement invariance is to test for the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) [18]. The .gov means its official. Four increasingly restrictive models were examined using the sequential constraint composition approach: 1) configural invariance, 2) metric invariance (weak measurement invariance), 3) scalar invariance (strong measurement invariance), and 4) factor variance invariance (structural invariance). This study aims to address these contextual and methodological gaps using data from a rural Indian Hello, 96127 is a time-based code which require documentation of start and stop time. 1. 1975;70(351a):6319. WebPHQ Screening Tools Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a diagnostic tool for mental health disorders used by health care professionals that is quick and easy for patients to complete. In Table 1, we present estimated mean initial levels and changes in mean scores in both absolute and proportional terms for each CIS-R severity group and GRS group on the PHQ-9. Convergent validity was shown by high correlations of total GAD-7 scores with scores from two other anxiety scales. The factor loading for the first item was fixed to 1 to set the metric for the latent variable. https://doi.org/10.2307/271030, Chou C-P, Bentler PM. The GAD-7 consists of seven items that query anxiety-related symptoms as experienced during the past two weeks. The one Enjoy smart fillable fields and Use professional pre-built templates to fill in and sign documents online faster. Shevlin, M., Butter, S., McBride, O. et al. Due to low specificity and high false positive rates, both scales are recommended only as an initial screening tool for recognition of subjects with increased risk of mental disorders, however positive cases should be later assessed using more comprehensive instruments. Multivariate Behavioral Research. As described above, response options are on a 4-point scale (from 0 = not at all to 3 = nearly every day), and symptoms are evaluated as they have occurred over the prior two weeks. Furthermore, reported anxiety symptoms were more moderately associated with worse physical health-related quality of life in comparison to the stronger associations with perceived stress and depression. 2003;27(5):3729. Background: WebTo use the PHQ-9 to screen for all types of depression or other mental illness: All positive answers (positive is defined by a 2 or 3 in questions 1-8 and by a 1, 2, or 3 in question 9) should be followed up by interview. Cut points of 5, 10, and 15 might be interpreted as representing mild, moderate, and severe levels of anxiety on the GAD-7, The PHQ includes modules to assess somatization (PHQ-15), depressive disorder (PHQ-9), PD (PHQ-PD), GAD (GAD-7), eating disorders and alcohol-related The COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) comprises researchers from the UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy. 2010 Jul-Aug;32(4):345-59. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006. Epub 2022 Jun 16. The mean age of the Irish sample was 44.97 years (SD = 15.76) and 51.5% (n = 536) were female, 48.2% (n = 502) were male and the remaining 0.3% (n = 3) reported being another gender or preferred not to say. WebThis calculator is recommended together with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in the assessment of patients in the 'Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)' pathway. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener-7 Para cada sntoma escribe una X en la casilla debajo de la respuesta que mejor describa 2007;4(2):22333. WebThe PHQ 9 is a useful tool because, as noted above, it can be readministered as needed. PHQ-9 Accessibility Get Form. Privacy Description . This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute grant R25CA130869, with additional support from NCI P30 CA023100; NIH/NCMHD P60 MD000220; NIH U56 CA92079/U56 CA92081 and U54 CA132379/U54 CA132384. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In each country, the internal reliability estimates, as assessed by Cronbachs alpha (), of the PHQ-9 scores (UK =0.921; Ireland =0.905; Spain =0.889; Italy =0.918) and the GAD-7 scores (UK =0.921; Ireland =0.905; Spain =0.889; Italy =0.918) were high. The aim of this study is to evaluate psychometric properties and factorial structure of the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 in a sample of Lithuanian university students. 2. Generalized anxiety disorder in Hispanics: Symptom characteristics and prediction of severity. 1993;58(4):52543. Spikol E, McBride O, Vallires F, Butter S, Hyland P. Tracking the Irish adult population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A methodological report of the COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study in Ireland. About ScienceDirect As anticipated, more reported anxiety symptoms were associated with more reported stress and depressive symptoms, and worse physical health-related quality of life. Total scores range from 0 to 21, with scores 5, 10, and 15 reflecting mild, moderate, and severe anxiety levels, respectively. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00078. In the past several years JB has been serving as a consultant to Cogstate, Ltd. Careers. The Physical health domain asks about the respondents pain and discomfort, energy and fatigue, sleep and rest, dependence on medication, mobility, activities of daily living, and working capacity in the past two weeks. Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19 related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a traumaexposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. While these may be surveys or questions intended for patients, they are meant to be answered in the context of a clinicians medical care and not on their own to diagnose or treat any disease. 2020:1073191120976863. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120976863. This may be a result of the limited number of measures that assess GAD that have been validated for use with this ethnic group. Getselfhelp.co.uk WebFeeling nervous, anxious, or on edge. PubMed Central (1997), using a structured interview, found that GAD was the most common psychiatric diagnosis (18%) among a diverse group of immigrants of Hispanic origin living in the US who were being treated for anxiety. Studies have shown high rates of GAD among both foreign-born and US-born samples of diverse Hispanic backgrounds living in the US (Hirai, Stanley, & Novy, 2006; Street et al., 1997). The 10-item version of the PSS was used in this study. The aim of this study was to describe gender- and age-specific PHQ-9 and GAD-7 item and summary data contributed by those who For both language preference groups, GAD-7 scores were expected to be strongly associated with scores from measures of similar or comorbid constructs such as perceived stress and depression, and more moderately associated with worse physical health-related quality of life. Patient Health Questionnaires (i.e., PHQ-9 and PHQ-2) on screening for depression among the subsample of participants of the STRING study interviewed in Spanish and born in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries (n = 897). We tested the convergent validity of GAD-7 with two other scales, PHQ-9 and PHQ-ADS. PHQ-9 In Ireland, participants (N = 1,041) were also recruited online via Qualtrics, using stratified, quota sampling to select participants that were representative of the general adult population of the Republic of Ireland (ROI) in relation to sex, age and geographical location (i.e. For example, the Spanish-language group was more often foreign-born. PubMed WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Psychometrika. The sensitivity and specificity of the GAD-7 in differentiating students with generalized anxiety disorders were low. Note. WebGAD-7 is a seven-item measure of anxiety symptoms. phq-9 gad-7. The GAD-7 is available free for clinical use in a variety of languages at the link below. ID #: NAME: DATE - Stanford Medicine WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are self-report measures of major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Phq-9 and gad-7 The research was subsequently supported by UK Research and Innovation/Economic and Social Research Council funding (grant ref. The primary objective in this study, therefore, was to test for DIF on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items based on age, sex (males and females), and country (UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy). Assessment - UW Departments Web Server The data from the four countries were then combined and tests of configural and metric invariance were conducted: configural invariance tests that the latent structure (i.e., a correlated two-factor model) is consistent across the groups, and metric invariance adds constraints to test for the equality of factor loadings across the groups. Several days +1. 2012;184(3):E191-E6. April 3, 2023 Posted by Jaydon Hoover; 03 Apr phq-9 gad-7 spanish pdfThank you for reading Minedit. Full details of the methods employed and information on the representativeness of the sample have previously been reported [8]. Internal consistency was acceptable for the total sample ( = 0.71). Results showed that the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 are reliable screening tools for depression and anxiety (Cronbach alpha 0.86 and 0.91, respectively). The findings from our study add to the extant research literature on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 by indicating measurement invariance in large nationally representative sample of four European countries taken during a global pandemic. www.phqscreeners.com Validation of the patient health questionnaire-9 and the WebPHQ-9 modified for Adolescents (PHQ-A) Name: Clinician: Date: Instructions: How often have you been bothered by each of the following symptoms during the past two weeks? GAD-7 and PHQ-9 PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Assessment. Chicago: Scientific Software. Epub 2010 May 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621603256021. Mental Health Tools for Pediatrics - American Academy of Each item is rated on the same four ordinal responses as the PHQ-9, giving a severity score between 0 and 21. WebA score of 10 or greater on the GAD-7 represents a reasonable cut point for identifying cases of GAD. WebGAD-7 : GAD-7 (Spanish Version) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) - Spanish Version : PCL-ICD : PTSD-Checklist-DSM5-(PCL-5)-Adult Advancing Integrated Mental Health Solutions, Step 2: Plan for Clinical Practice Change, Pfizer Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Screeners. Giuliani M, Gorini A, Barbieri S, Veglia F, Tremoli E. Psychol Health. Available from: 10.1186/s12888-016-0961-z Consider Major Depressive Disorder For example, Street et al. PubMed Adolescent Screening Instruments Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS) 19. UK: The initial stages of this project were supported by start-up funds from the University of Sheffield (Department of Psychology, the Sheffield Methods Institute and the Higher Education Innovation Fund via an Impact Acceleration grant administered by the university) and by the Faculty of Life and Health Sciences at Ulster University. Means, Standard Deviations, and Unstandardized Factor Loadings From Baseline Models for English and Spanish language versions of the GAD-7. significant direct effects are indicative of DIF. WebCUESTIONARIO SOBRE LA SALUD DEL PACIENTE-9 (PHQ-9) Durante las ltimas 2 semanas, qu tan seguido le han afectado cualquiera de los siguientes problemas? Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. However, GAD7 in PHQ is not the same as in PHQ-SADS in many points. When competing models were compared statistically, CFI was examined in addition to the S-B2 difference test because the S-B2 difference test is dependent on sample size (Kelloway, 1995). PHQ-9 Not being able to stop or control worrying. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(3), 281-282.] WebPatient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Over the past 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.035, Rutter LA, Brown TA. WebPHQ-9 Modified for Teens 1. 1996. Sarah Butter. The site is secure. Arias-de la Torre J, Vilagut G, Ronaldson A, Serrano-Blanco A, Martn V, Peters M. Prevalence and variability of current depressive disorder in 27 European countries: a population-based study. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 have also been used extensively in COVID-19 related research. Subject: 7 Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener Alphas were also high for the English ( = 0.91) and Spanish ( = 0.94) language-preference groups. STOPP vertical. Copyright All authors read and approved the final manuscript. phq 9 spanish Get access to thousands of forms. Over half (57.5%) of the sample reported being employed full-time, 10.0% part-time and 17.1% were unemployed. The majority of the sample were born in the UK (90.6%, n = 1834). To compare the configural and metric models of invariance the criteria proposed by Chen [40] were used: less than 0.010 change in CFI, less than 0.015 in RMSEA, and less than 0.030 for the SRMR. Shopping cart WebPATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE-9 (PHQ-9) Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems? PHQ-9 If you have any questions, dont hesitate to ask a question in the comment section down below. Chou C-P, Bentler P. Invariant standardized estimated parameter change for model modification in covariance structure analysis. There is a paucity of research on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among Hispanic Americans. WebGeneralized Anxiety Disorder subscale (GAD-7) The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) subscale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (GAD-7) is a quick and easy tool to help identify patients with anxiety and monitor treatment response. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2801_6. del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada ( GAD-7 [ 1] The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the nine DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). These findings are consistent with the convergent validity analyses from the original psychometric study (Spitzer et al., 2006), in which the strongest correlations were found with the mental health subscale of the SF-20, and the weakest correlations with the physical functioning subscale. ROC curve for predicting risk of anxiety and depressive disorders in students using, MeSH 1987;58:13446. The GAD-2 was based on the GAD-7, which was developed by Drs. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the internal consistency reliability and structural invariance of the English and Spanish versions of the GAD-7 for use with Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. 1989;24(3):285305. Patient Health Questionnaire Conclusions. Factor loadings and factor variances were constrained to equivalence in the factor variance invariance model. Journal of the American Statistical Association. Screening Tools All depression items had the highest factor loadings on one factor (0.580.75), and all anxiety items had the highest factor loadings on the second factor (0.690.81), indicating the GAD-7 was assessing a uni-dimensional construct distinct from depression (Spitzer et al., 2006). This model did not fit the data well, indicating that the spread of GAD-7 scores was not the same across language-preference groups (see Table 3). Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorderscale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03787-5, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40737-017-0090-0, https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/the-improving-access-to-psychological-therapies-manual/, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30482-X, https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000871, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.035, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9571-9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.648755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.066, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193356, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.6.912, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000245142.74628.ab, https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300701375832, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1975.10482485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012, https://www.phqscreeners.com/select-screener, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2801_6, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_13, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2403_2, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4, https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.032, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. WebThe optimal cutpoint is > or = 10 on the parent scales (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) and > or = 3 on the ultra-brief versions (PHQ-2 and GAD-2). Spitzer, Williams and Kroenke, created the PHQ and GAD-7 screeners. Generalized Anxiety Disorder subscale (GAD-7) | University of A score above 7 is recommended to identify a likely anxiety disorder. WebOverview This symptom assessment tool measures health using nine items on 4-point scales and a 4-point scale for impact on daily life. Patient completes PHQ-9 Quick Depression Assessment. Furthermore, the lack of support for the factor variance invariance model may be reflective of differences in socioeconomic and demographic factors between the two groups. PubMed Central Patient Health Questionnaire One-factor structure of the GAD-7, Fig 3. Construct validity was demonstrated by the association between increasing GAD-7 severity scores and functional decline on all six Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales (SF-20; Stewart, Hays, & Ware, 1988). Chen FF. Participants in the English language-preference group were younger, had a higher level of education, were more frequently employed, and were more frequently born in the US as opposed to Mexico, in comparison to the Spanish language-preference group. Participants (N = 2,025) were recruited from an online research panel (Qualtrics) using stratified quota sampling to ensure that the sample characteristics of sex, age, and household income (quintiles) were representative of the UK adult population. The sponsoring universities Institutional Review Boards approved all study procedures and materials prior to human subject enrollment. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. Standardised Factor Loadings for PHQ-GAD Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Each Country.
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