A large portion of the tiles are cut into hexagonal and triangular shapes that were then fitted together to form murals. Creating your own self-guided walk in Istanbul is easy and fun. The largest street market in Istanbul takes place around the Fatih Mosque every Wednesday, selling food, clothing and household goods. Besides, the staff there speaks more than one language, Dareyn Hotel serves different types of local and international food in the form of a buffet, in addition to the possibility of eating breakfast in the rooms. Christian tile decoration of this period often depicted saints, angels, the Virgin Mary, and biblical scenes. [340], As in the preceding centuries, other palaces were built around Istanbul by the sultan and his family. Le vetrate di Fath Cam - panoramio.jpg. [306] Across the street from the sultan's tomb was an ornate sebil, but this was relocated near the Zeynep Sultan Mosque after 1911 when the complex was partly demolished to widen the street. The prayer hall consisted of a large central dome with a semi-dome behind it (on the qibla side) and flanked by a row of three smaller domes on either side. The inner courtyard of the mosque is regarded as one of the most beautiful in the city. The closest precedent to this design in classical Ottoman architecture is the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in the Edirnekapi neighbourhood. [394] The palace was destroyed by fire in 1910, leaving only the seaside faade standing which was later integrated into a hotel in 1987. [537], Apart from the mosques, cities were also developed into "extremely friendly cities". [58], Tomb of Murad II at the Muradiye Complex in Bursa (circa 1426), Entrance to the Murad II Medrese in Bursa (circa 1426), Remains of tile and fresco decoration in the Murad II Mosque in Edirne (circa 1435), erefeli Mosque in Edirne (14371447): exterior, Mehmed II succeeded his father temporarily in 1444 and definitively in 1451. [321] The largest barracks of the time, the Selimiye Barracks, was built in southern skdar between 1800 and 1803,[322] but were burned down by revolting Janissaries in 1812. In the first half of the 18th century Istanbul's water supply infrastructure, including the aqueducts in Belgrade Forest, were renovated and expanded. [208][209], Nianc Mehmed Pasha Mosque, Istanbul (circa 1589), Garden courtyard of the Nianc Mehmed Pasha Mosque, Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul (16091617), New Mosque (Yeni Cami) in Istanbul (completed in 1663), Egyptian Bazaar (Spice Bazaar) in Istanbul, built as part of the New Mosque complex, Yeni Valide Mosque complex in skdar (17081711), From the 18th century onward European influences were introduced into Ottoman architecture as the Ottoman Empire itself became more open to outside influences. [156] Sinan usually kept decoration limited and subordinate to the overall architecture, so this exception is possibly the result of a request by the wealthy patron, grand vizier Rstem Pasha. [343] Most of these palaces have not survived to the present day. [2] emerged as the standard church type following Iconoclasm. Hagia Kyriaki is one of the few modern mosques in Istanbul built in the Byzantine tradition, using a central-domed layout. [525], "The semblance of Paradise (cennet) promised the pious and devout [is that of a garden] with streams of water that will not go rank, and rivers of milk whose taste will not undergo a change, and rivers of wine delectable to drinkers, and streams of purified honey, and fruits of every kind in them, and forgiveness from their lord". Available for both RF and RM licensing. [163] In this mosque he completely integrated the supporting columns of the hexagonal baldaquin into the outer walls for the first time, thus creating a unified interior space. Late Byzantine1261 1453 They choose instead to draw their ideas directly from observations of old Ottoman and Seljuk monuments, so as to elaborate what they viewed as a more purely "Turkish" style. [514], Tile manufacture declined further in the second half of the century. Acanthus leaves and other motifs of Baroque Rococo appearance are carved under the projecting eaves of the roof. [128] One example is the Rstem Pasha Mosque in Tekirda (15521553). However, their work does not clearly appear anywhere after this period. Image of koran, architecture, islam - 133060010 [7] The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, served as the chief court architect (mimarbai) from 1538 until his death in 1588. [116] Sinan also moved the outer walls inward, near the inner edge of the buttresses, so that the latter were less visible inside the mosque. The Balyans, for example, commonly combined Neoclassical or Beaux-arts architecture with highly eclectic decoration. The original construction began in 1462 during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, who had the Fatih Mosque (Fatih Camii . Privacy Policy, Thank you, your message was sent successfully. [391][392] Soon after this the raan Palace was commissioned by Sultan Abdlalziz (r. 18611876) and completed in 1872. [421][422][423], Surp Asdvadzadzin Church in Beikta, Istanbul (1838), Hagia Triada Church in Beyolu, Istanbul (1880), Phanar Greek Orthodox College building in Istanbul (1881), Surp Asdvadzadzin Church (Kurtulu Mosque today) in Gaziantep(18781893), Hagia Kyriaki Church in Kumkap, Istanbul (1895), Church of St. Anthony in Beyolu, Istanbul (19061912), Among the new types of monuments introduced to Ottoman architecture during this era, clock towers rose to prominence over the 19th century. [94][95] During this period the bureaucracy of the Ottoman state, whose foundations were laid in Istanbul by Mehmet II, became increasingly elaborate and the profession of the architect became further institutionalized. As a result, prayers were probably only held in the qibla-oriented iwan, demonstrating how zaviye buildings were often not designed as simple mosques but had more complex functions instead. Unlike Topkap Palace though, the structures are not linked together around courtyards and they instead resemble a kind of rural mountain village. Photo about Fatih Mosque, Istanbul interior mihrab. [327] Its design illustrates the degree of influence exerted by the earlier Beylerbeyi Mosque, as it incorporates a wide imperial pavilion that stretches across its front faade. Fatih Mosque interior 01.jpg. [290][291] However, unlike the Selimiye Mosque, the piers are more slender and are mostly integrated directly into the walls. Find the perfect istanbul fatih mosque interior stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. [52] Tilework panels with similar techniques and motifs are found in the courtyard of the erefeli Mosque, another building commissioned by Murad II in Edirne, completed in 1437. [98] He is credited with designing buildings as far as Buda (present-day Budapest) and Mecca. centers, Smarthistory is the most-visited art history resource in the world. These characteristics represented a radical rejection of traditional Ottoman palace design. The Green Mosque of znik is the first Ottoman mosque for which the name of the architect (Hac bin Musa) is known. 296,669,475 stock photos, 360 panoramic images, vectors and videos, Share Alamy images with your team and customers. Following the models developed in the, , the design is again popularized in the twelfth century, as occurred at the, This design was imitated from Bithynia (H. Aberkios at Elegmi) to Serbia (Sv. Some of the tiles are cuerda seca tiles of a much earlier period, reused from elsewhere, but most are blue-and-white tiles that imitate early 16th-century Iznik work. His first major non-military project was the Hsrev Pasha Mosque complex in Aleppo, one of the first major Ottoman monuments in that city. This technique is found on the tiles that cover the muqarnas hood of the mihrab and in the mural of hexagonal tiles along the lower walls of the prayer hall. [417] The structure is one of the most dominating features of the skyline in this area. The Fatih Mosque (Turkish Fatih Camii, Conqueror's Mosque in English) is an Ottoman imperial mosque built 1463 to 1470 in the Fatih district of Istanbul, Turkey. The katholikon of Hosios Loukas has eight chapels, organized on two levels. Additional outer buttresses are concealed in the walls of the mosque, allowing the walls in between to be pierced with a large number of windows. Originated as a Greek city called Byzantium, what's now known as Istanbul initially made name as Constantinople, an Eastern Roman imperial capital whose greatness had lasted for over a millennium, from 330 AD until the Ottoman invasion in 1453. [395][396][397] After the massive single-block palace buildings like Dolmabahe, the Yildiz Palace returned to the older tradition of creating many different structures with no overarching site plan. The overall layout of buildings is less rigidly symmetrical than the Fatih complex, as Sinan opted to integrate it more flexibly into the existing urban fabric. [32] This type of building is characterized by a central courtyard, typically covered by a dome, with iwans (domed or vaulted halls that are open to the courtyard) on three sides, one of which is oriented towards the qibla (direction of prayer) and contains the mihrab (wall niche symbolizing the qibla). [435][438] Other well-known examples include the Avrupa Pasaj (1874), the Atlas Pasaj (1877), the Halep (Aleppo) Pasaj (18801885), and the Suriye Pasaj (1908). [91] The mosque is the culmination of this period of architectural exploration under Bayezid II and the last step towards the classical Ottoman style. [4] Early Ottoman architecture experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the classical Ottoman style of the 16th and 17th centuries. "[539] However, there is no evidence in the first four centuries of Islam that gardens were consciously designed with four quadrants and four water channels in order to represent paradise as the Qur'an described it. This major restoration work in Jerusalem may have also played a role in Ottoman patrons developing a taste for tiles, such as those made in Iznik (which was closer to the capital). Create Your Own Self-Guided Walk to Visit This Sight, Istanbul, Turkey (See walking tours in Istanbul), View all walking tours in Istanbul, Turkey. [38] The Firuz Bey Mosque is notable for being built in stone and featuring carved decoration of high quality. [225][226] It was located at Kthane, a rural area on the outskirts of the city with small rivers that flow into the Golden Horn inlet. [121][122] Despite this legacy and the symmetry of its design, Sinan considered the Sehzade Mosque his "apprentice" work and was not satisfied with it. Its mosque and madrasa were completed in 15361537, though the completion of the overall complex is dated by an inscription to 1545, by which point Sinan had already moved on to Istanbul. The mosque was built in 1463-1470, destroyed by an earthquake in 1766 and rebuilt in 1771. [503] Even the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (1568-1572), which is known for its extensive high-quality tile decoration, still concentrates and focuses this decoration onto the wall surrounding the mihrab instead of on the whole mosque interior. ), plan and isometric section highlighting the elements of a cross-in-square church, early 9th century, Trilye (Zeytinba) in Bithynia (adapted from plan and isometric section Robert Ousterhout) The cross-in-square church Next to the door of the main courtyard of the mosque, there is a reservoir for firefighting water, which is surrounded by a wall and an iron grid. The term Baroque is sometimes applied more widely to Ottoman art and architecture across the 18th century including the Tulip Period. [524] A moderately successful effort to revive Ottoman tile production occurred under Abdlhamid II in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, partly under the influence of the First National Architectural Movement. [399] The many subsequent buildings built under Abdlhamid II are less monumental and many of them were designed by Raimond D'Aronco in an Art Nouveau style. [249] Changes were especially evident in the ornamentation and details of new buildings rather than in their overall forms, though new building types were eventually introduced from European influences as well. [69] It consists of a series of domed chambers preceded by an arcaded portico on the palace-facing side. The windows looking outwards to the garden to create the effect in which flowers from the garden act as if it would "perfume the minds of the congregation as if they have entered heaven." Following the death of Fatih Sultan Mehmet II he was buried in an ornate tomb outside of Fatih Mosque, completing the transformation of the site. . Known from descriptions and limited excavations, however, details of its elevation remain uncertain. [490], An important case of Ottoman tile decoration outside the imperial capitals around this time was the refurbishment of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem ordered by Sultan Suleiman. The different sections of the palace are also centred around cruciform halls, another feature retained from the Ottoman tradition. [7][8] The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain decorative arts, most notably in the use of Iznik tiles. [177][183] It consists of numerous structure across a sprawling site. [132][489], The city of Iznik had been a center of pottery production under the Ottomans since the 15th century, but until the mid-16th century it was mainly concerned with producing pottery vessels. [73] Within the outer gardens of the palace, Mehmed II commissioned three pavilions built in three different styles. [135][136][137] In Istanbul Sinan also built the Haseki Hrrem Hamam near Hagia Sophia in 15561557, one of the most famous hammams he designed, which includes two equally-sized sections for men and women. Interior view of the Fatih mosque The interior of the Fatih Mosque shows a distinct Baroque influence and has a more subdued look compared to many of the other major mosques in Istanbul. [57], The overall form of the erefeli Mosque, with its central-dome prayer hall, arcaded court with fountain, minarets, and tall entrance portals, foreshadowed the features of later Ottoman mosque architecture. Inside the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey - Dreamstime [344], Beyond Istanbul the greatest palaces were built by powerful local families, but they were often built in regional styles that did not follow the trends of the Ottoman capital. This feature proved popular for certain patrons and was repeated by Sinan in several other mosques. [102] There is no evidence that Sinan was closely involved in the production of tiles and it's likely that he merely decided where tile decoration would be placed and made sure that the craftsmen were capable. [466], The Ottoman Revival architecture of this period was based on modern construction techniques and materials such as reinforced concrete, iron, steel, and often glass roofs, and in many cases used what was essentially a Beaux-Arts structure with outward stylistic motifs associated with the original architecture from which it was inspired. [194] It was designed by Sinan's apprentice, Mehmed Agha. [373] Other towers across the empire varied considerably in style. [281][282] It is essentially a smaller version of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, signalling the importance of the Nuruosmaniye as a new model to emulate. The design of the complex was notable for being completely integrated into the pre-existing urban fabric instead of being set apart in its own enclosure. The mosque was commissioned by Bayezid I and funded by the booty from his victory at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. [242], The last major monument of the Tulip Period stage in Ottoman architecture is the Hekimolu Ali Pasha Mosque complex completed in 17341735 and sponsored by Hekimolu Ali Pasha. Some arcades consisted of a small courtyard filled with shops and surrounded by buildings, as with the example of the Hazzopulo Pasaj, begun in 1850 and completed in 1871. [365] The upper section of the Tower of Justice or Divan Tower in Topkap Palace was also rebuilt in its current form under Mahmud II in 1820, adopting Renaissance and Palladian elements. Wed love to hear about it. [258][259][260], The mosque consists of a square prayer hall surmounted by a large single dome with large pendentives. [329][330], Sebil of the Mihriah Sultan Complex in Eyp, Istanbul (17921796), Eyp Sultan Mosque in Istanbul, rebuilt by Selim III (17981800), Tomb of ah Sultan in Eyp, Istanbul (18001801), Selimiye Barracks in skdar, originally built by Selim III (circa 1803) but rebuilt by Mahmud II, Selimiye Mosque in skdar, Istanbul (18011805): view of the front faade and entrance portico, Selimiye Mosque: side view with external gallery and part of the imperial pavilion (right), In Topkap Palace the Ottoman sultans and their family continued to build new rooms or remodel old ones throughout the 18th century, introducing Baroque and Rococo decoration in the process. [102], In Lleburgaz, Sinan designed his first mosque with a "square baldaquin" structure, where the dome rests on a support system with a square layout (without the semi-domes of the ehzade Mosque design). The original mosque complex included madressas (religious schools), library, hospital, travellers inn, and a public kitchen which served food to the poor. [323][321] They were rebuilt in stone by Mahmud II between 1825 and 1828 and further expanded to their current form by Abdulmecid between 1842 and 1853. [478][474][488] Doan Kuban argues that this assumption is unnecessary if one considers the artistic continuity between these tiles and earlier Ottoman tiles as well as the fact that the Ottoman state had always employed craftsmen from different parts of the Islamic world. [214] In 1720 an Ottoman embassy led by Yirmisekiz elebi Mehmed Efendi was sent to Paris and when it returned in 1721 it brought back reports and illustrations of the French Baroque style which made a strong impression in the sultan's court. [105][106][107] Other notable architectural complexes before Sinan's architect career, at the end of Selim I's reign or in Suleiman's early reign, are the Hafsa Sultan or Sultaniye Mosque in Manisa (circa 1522), the Fatih Pasha Mosque in Diyarbakir (completed in 1520 or 1523), and the oban Mustafa Pasha Complex in Gebze (15231524). The hotel also includes more than eighty-five traditional rooms equipped with everything necessary to ensure an enjoyable stay, and hotel guests can enjoy dinner in the restaurant located in the same building, and this is suitable for guests who prefer to stay in the same building. [212] The historical period known as the Tulip Period or "Tulip Era" is considered to have begun in 1718, after the Treaty of Passarowitz, and lasted until the Patrona Halil revolts of 1730, when Ahmed III was overthrown. The mihrab had stained glass windows and Iznik tiles that suggest a gate into paradise. [60] This was located across from an older fortress on the eastern shore known as Anadolu Hisar, built by Bayezid I in the 1390s for an earlier siege, and was designed to cut off communications to the city through the Bosphorus. Among the rare surviving examples, Baroque decoration from this period can still be seen in the Aynalkavak Pavilion (mentioned above), which was restored by Selim III and Mahmud II. No:7, 34122 Fatih/stanbul, Turkey The Best Mosques to Visit in Istanbul - Fatih Mosque The original building of the Fatih Mosque was completed in the 5th century AD. The trbe of Gulbahar is simple, with classic lines, and may closely resemble the original . [518][519] Production continued here for a while but the tiles from this period are not comparable to earlier Iznik tiles. [352] The purest example of the Empire style in Istanbul is the Tomb of Mahmud II (1840), an imposing octagonal monument designed by Ohannes and Bogos Dadyan. This allowed for the walls in between the buttresses to be thinner, which in turn allowed for more windows to bring in more light. [231] The "S" and "C" curves of Baroque architecture, which were to become popular in later years, also make an early appearance in some of the fountain's details. [414] The Stefan Sveti Church (or Church of St. Stephen of the Bulgars) is a Bulgarian Orthodox church built between 1895 and 1898 in an eclectic style, located in the Balat neighbourhood. [146] Thanks to its refined architecture, its scale, its dominant position on the city skyline, and its role as a symbol of Suleiman's powerful reign, the Sleymaniye Mosque complex is one of the most important symbols of Ottoman architecture and is often considered by scholars to be the most magnificent mosque in Istanbul. The common denominator in all was the small scale appropriate to small groups of worshippers or private use. [7] Doan Kuban regards the constructions of Bayzezid II as also constituting deliberate attempts at urban planning, extending the legacy of the Fatih Mosque complex in Istanbul. The interior of the mosque is light and decorated with tiles from the Tekfursaray kilns, which were of lesser quality than those of the earlier Iznik period. [143] It was originally built between 1557 and 1566. Fatih Mosque | Istanbul, Turkey | Attractions - Lonely Planet Safaraq Tour Company, a leading Turkish company in tourism and travel, and the support services for them; It is based in Istanbul, and it has dealings with the most important Turkish tourism establishments. It mixes late Baroque decoration with the Neoclassical and eclectic style of the 19th century. [246][211] This shift signaled the final end to the classical style. [47] In Edirne Murad II built another zaviye for Sufis in 1435, now known as the Murad II Mosque. [267] Even more unusual is the form of the mosque's courtyard, which is semielliptical instead of the traditional rectangular form. Besides, the calligraphic decorations that spread throughout the mosque are Baroque. The mosque that we see today was built in 1771, in a completely different style to the original. [59] Before the 1453 conquest his capital remained at Edirne, where he completed a new palace for himself in 145253. [105] The mosque is sometimes attributed to Sinan but it was not designed by him and the architect in charge is not known. [12] It also marked the first time since the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque (early 17th century) that an Ottoman sultan built his own imperial mosque complex in Istanbul, thus inaugurating the return of this tradition. Panagia church, late 10th century, Hosios Loukas monastery, Boeotia (photo: Evan Freeman, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), Plan of the Panagia church (highlighting the dome, bracing vaults, and square naos), late 10th century, Hosios Loukas monastery, Boeotia. The height of the mosque from the ground to the roof amounts to 60.9 yards and from the ground to the floor of the interior 2.8 yards. Home to embassies and trading centers, as well as fine 19th-century, Parisian-style apartment houses, the area was much-loved by the city's non-Islamic minorities, with names of Greek and Armenian architects still adorning the fronts of some of Istiklal Avenue's grander buildings. [236] Painting was applied to highlight some carved details, a practice that become common in the 18th century. [326][324] Three men served as chief court architects during this period but the main architect may have been Foti Kalfa, a Christian master carpenter. Middle Byzantine church architecture - Smarthistory Up until 1028 CE, the church had been the burial place of all Byzantine emperors (including Constantine) but had been left in a poor condition. [287], Mustafa III's own imperial mosque was built in the center of Istanbul and is known as the Laleli Mosque. This was a result of a decline in imperial commissions, as fewer major building projects were sponsored by ruling elites during this period. Before the reconstruction of the mosque, Mihriah Sultan (Selim III's mother), built a charitable complex nearby in a vibrant Baroque style. [268] Inside, the mosque's prayer hall is flanked by symmetrical two-story galleries that extend outside the main perimeter of the hall. Variations in church design abound during the Middle Byzantine period (843-1204): basilicas and domed basilicas continued to appear, notably when larger interior spaces were required, but in some regions, such as Kastoria in northern Greece, small basilicas persist. [151] Nonetheless, Sinan employed innovations similar to those he used previously in the ehzade Mosque: he concentrated the load-bearing supports into a limited number of columns and pillars, which allowed for more windows in the walls and minimized the physical separations within the interior of the prayer hall. [96] Sinan credited himself with the design of over 300 buildings,[97] though another estimate of his works puts it at nearly 500. [280][297] Its surface shows a greater degree of three-dimensional sculpting, being profusely carved with scrolls, shells, foliage, and other Baroque moldings. The mosque's courtyard is rectangular again, leaving the Nuruosmaniye's semi-elliptical courtyard as an experiment that was not repeated. Sinan also made good use of the spaces between the pillars and buttresses by filling them with an elevated gallery on the inside and arched porticos on the outside. [148][149][21][150], The mosque itself has a form similar to that of the earlier Bayezid II Mosque: a central dome preceded and followed by semi-domes, with smaller domes covering the sides. The treaty formalized Ottoman territorial losses but also initiated a period of peace. Instead of Turkish triangles the transition is made through squinches that start low along the walls. [476] Some of the tiles are further enhanced with arabesque motifs applied in gilt gold glazing over these colours. [511] Nonetheless, the interior of the "New Mosque" or Yeni Cami in the Eminn neighbourhood, completed in 1663, is a late example of lavish Iznik tile decoration in an imperial mosque. The palace grounds included a long marble-lined canal, the Cedval-i Sim, around which were gardens, pavilions, and palace apartments in a landscaped setting. [231] The stone walls on the exterior are carved with very fine vegetal ornamentation and calligraphic inscriptions. The Fatih Camii (Conquerors Mosque) is one of the largest examples of Turkish-Islamic architecture in Istanbul and was built over the original site of the Church of the Holy Apostles. These workshops eventually closed down after the First World War. [104][91] The mosque is modelled on the Mosque of Bayezid II in Edirne, consisting of one large single-domed chamber. [152][153] The exterior faades of the mosque are characterized by ground-level porticos, wide arches in which sets of windows are framed, and domes and semi-domes that progressively culminate upwards in a roughly pyramidal fashion to the large central dome. Examples can be found at the Krikor Lusarovi Church in Tophane, Istanbul, and the Surp Astvazazin Church in Ankara, among others. Mall of Istanbul. The builders were likely of Iranian origin, as historical documents indicate the presence of tilecutters from Khorasan, but not much is known about them. [47][48] Murad II's mausoleum is unique among royal Ottoman tombs as its central dome has an opening to the sky and his son's mausoleum was built directly adjacent to it, as per the sultan's last wishes. For churches of scale larger than a cross-in-square design could maintain, could be adapted to provide a more stable structural system and a more unified interior space, while allowing for a larger dome. It was rebuilt in 1771 CE (to a different plan) by the architect Mimar Mehmet Tahir under the order of Sultan Mustapha III. [393][370] It has a severe Neoclassical appearance except for the decoration, which is Orientalist and includes carved openwork in the windows. Unknown men stayed in the mosque after a prayer. It was completed in September or October 1472 and its name derives from its rich tile decoration, including the first appearance of Iranian-inspired banna'i tilework in Istanbul. [94] Ottoman architecture used a limited set of general forms such as domes, semi-domes, and arcaded porticos which were repeated in every structure and could be combined in a limited number of ways. The Majestic Fatih Mosque was constructed between 1463 and 1470 by Sultan Fatih Mehmet the famous conqueror, who conquer . Some examples include the Baths of the Harem section, probably renovated by Mahmud I around 1744,[331][332] the Sofa Kiosk (Sofa Kk), restored in Rococo style by Mahmud I in 1752,[333][334][335] the decoration of the Imperial Hall (Hnkr Sofas), renovated by either Osman III or Abdulhamid I,[336][337] the Kiosk of Osman III completed in 175455,[338][339] and the decoration of the Imperial Council (Divan) Hall redecorated in flamboyant Baroque style by Selim III in 1792 and by Mahmud II in 1819.
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