Sunnis dominated the first nine centuries of Islamic rule (excluding the Shia Fatimid dynasty) until the Safavid dynasty was established in Persia in 1501. [84] Forced to flee: Top countries refugees are coming from - Quora Something went wrong. Peace is breaking out everywhere. And despite the efforts of many Sunni and Shia clerics to reduce tensions through dialogue and counterviolence measures, many experts express concern that Islams divide will lead to escalating violence and a growing threat to international peace and security. with Sheila A. Smith and Scott A. Snyder Is the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist organization or a firewall against violent extremism? Reflecting their single-minded obsession with demonizing Muslims (at exactly the same time, coincidentally, their governments wage a never-ending war on Muslim countries and their societies . Kazakhstan, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan will also feel Russias pain due to currency and trade disruptions. The Great Divide: How Westerners and Muslims View Each Other Russia's war on Ukraine is in danger of becoming a protracted struggle that lasts several more years. Saudi Arabia has a sizable Shia minority of roughly 10 percent, and millions of adherents of a puritanical brand of Sunni Islam known as Wahhabism (an offshoot of the Sunni Hanbali school) that is antagonistic to Shia Islam. Notably, the Chechen strongman and Putin ally Ramzan Kadyrov has dispatched a unit of loyalists to Ukraine. War against Islam is a term used to describe a concerted effort to harm, weaken or annihilate the societal system of Islam, using military, economic, social and cultural means, or means invading and interfering in Islamic countries under the pretext of the war on terror, or using the media to create a negative stereotype about Islam. Sunni fundamentalists, many inspired by al-Qaedas call to fight Americans, flocked to Iraq from Muslim-majority countries, attacking coalition forces and many Shia civilians. [52][53][54][55] Both sects have subdivisions. Both Islam and Christianity are proselytizing religions, and many have suggested that as a result, Christians and Muslims may clash. In 2015, the Islamic State claimed responsibility for, among other attacks, bombing Shia worshippers in Kuwait; attacking Sunni and Shia mosques in Saudi Arabia; downing a Russian passenger plane in Egypt, killing over two hundred people; and a pair of suicide bombings in a Shia-majority district of south Beirut that killed more than forty people. Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shia militia and political movement, is the strongest party in Lebanon. Photograph: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images Europe nowRace This article is more than 2 years old There's a social pandemic poisoning Europe: hatred of Muslims Patrycja Sasnal and Yasemin El Menouar. [59] The Palestinian envoy to Washington D.C. alleged the Likud party concocted distribution of Muhammad caricatures worldwide in a bid to create a clash between the West and the Muslim world. Extremist groups have come to rely on satellite television and high-speed Internet over the past two decades to spread propaganda and attract recruits. Its been widely noted that democratic nations rarely go to war with each other. However, with the end of the era of Western colonialism, rage against non-Muslims and the governments of Muslim-majority countries stems not from alleged non-Muslim aggression and enmity, but allegedly from frustration over the unrelenting encroachment of mostly Western culture, technology, economies, and from a yearning for a "return to the glorious days when Islam reigned supreme."[13]. But, the Islamic world has advanced much more slowly. What varies over time is how prominent people both religious and political emphasize different parts of the message. This was a notable development though cast into doubt by a rupture in diplomatic relations in early 2016. Muslim clerics in Russia have backed Vladimir Putin's offensive and tried to rally the support of Russia's estimated 20 million or more Muslims (at least 14 percent of the country's . The Russian clerics support of Putin could also backfire: Their support of Putins venture could discredit them in the eyes of their followers, who may come to question the legitimacy of the war and its religious validation a development that would unsettle Russian Islam. [63] Other non-Muslims have argued that the truth of a religious war is the other way aroundit being Muslims who are waging war against non-Muslims. The following arouse the most concern among regional specialists: Sectarian violence intensified in 2013 and has grown since. The groups highly publicized killing of Western hostages triggered a campaign of air strikes by the United States and its regional allies Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. As the Human Security Report and books by Joshua Goldstein and Steven Pinker have compellingly argued, war around the world has been declining, both within and between countries. Within Russia itself, Putins actions risk undermining key religious foundations of the state by isolating the Kremlins Muslim-leader allies from their fragile social bases. Both countries have confronted the Islamic State, with Iran fighting it in parts of Iraq, while Saudi Arabia and other Sunni-majority countries back a U.S.-led air campaign against the extremist group in Syria and Iraq. The Arab Spring, which was at first a nonviolent popular uprising, wasnt successful in toppling Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, leading to the chaos and humanitarian disaster we see today. A short history of radical Islam", Transcript of Osama bin Laden's audiotape, Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech, "President: Today We Mourned, Tomorrow We Work", Chechnya: Research Shows Widespread and Systematic Use of Torture, Government efforts help only some IDPs rebuild their lives, "Terrorism Monitor - The Jamestown Foundation", "Osama bin Laden dead: The one time that he mentioned Kashmir", "Michael Flynn in August: Islamism a 'vicious cancer' in body of all Muslims that 'has to be excised', Islamophobia Watch, Documenting the war against Islam, "Bin Laden Threatens Europe over Mohammed Cartoons | DW | 20.03.2008", "Qatari University Lecturer Ali Muhi Al-Din Al-Qardaghi: Muhammad Cartoon Is a Jewish Attempt to Divert European Hatred from Jews to Muslims", "The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement", "Terror attacks by Muslims receive 357% more press attention, study finds", "War of words: The fight over 'radical Islamic terrorism', "Americans must take a stand against our own extremists", "Steve Bannon is preparing Trump for a holy war. The most influential Islamists who have alleged a broad malicious conspiracy against the societal system of Islam are: From the background of the Muslim Brotherhood organization and ideology, Sayyid Qutb, possibly the most influential Islamist author, often described as "the man whose ideas would shape Al Qaeda",[14] also preached that the West was not just in conflict with Islam but plotting against it. [12] 2020 Edition: Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Ismaili Shias, centered in South Asia but with important diaspora communities throughout the world, broke off at the seventh Imam. Major wars (10,000 or more combat-related deaths in current or past year) Today there are tens of thousands of organized sectarian militants throughout the region capable of triggering a broader conflict. It is too much to hope we will see an end to war by then, but it is entirely conceivable we could be the generation that finally sees genuine peace. June 28, 2023. Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh are currently the top three most populous Muslim majority countries in the world. "[47] India's control of Muslim-majority Kashmir has been called a "Zionist-Hindu war against Muslims" by Osama bin Laden. Potential explanations abound. Sectarian rhetoric dehumanizing the other is centuries old. In fact, most of them do not. clockThis article was published more than7 years ago. Muslim Immigrants in the United States The Muslim population in Europe is extremely diverse with varied histories and origins. Sectarian tensions are mounting in Iraq as the newly ascendant Shia majority struggles to accommodate the Sunni and Kurdish minorities while confronting extremist Sunni groups. Khomeini argued that clerics had to rule to properly perform their function: implementing Islam as God intended, through the mandate of the Shia Imams. Shias believe that God always provides a guide, first the Imams and then ayatollahs, or experienced Shia scholars who have wide interpretative authority and are sought as a source of emulation. Others maintain the hadith or similar ones are authentic. Among the first Russian casualties whose name became public (in this case by way of a local officials statement) was a Muslim from Dagestan, Nurmagomed Gadzhimagomedov. Both groups have deployed suicide bombers, and their attacks shifted from a focus on the West and Israel to other Muslims, such as al-Qaedas killing of Shia civilians in Iraq and Hezbollahs participation in the Syrian civil war. The remaining civil wars which scholars define as armed conflicts that claim more than 1,000 battle deaths in a calendar year are fewer in number but more concentrated geographically, as we show in a recent article in Research & Politics. The Sunni-Shia Divide | Council on Foreign Relations Why are most of the Muslim countries always in a state of war - Quora The top countries of origin for refugees include: 1. They, too, have pledged to fight. Five of those are in Islamic nations. For Sunni extremists, social media has revolutionized recruitment opportunities. Sectarian conflict is becoming entrenched in a growing number of Muslim countries and is threatening to fracture Iraq and Syria. It also assembled a coalition of ten Sunni-majority countries, backed by the United States, to fight Houthi rebels in Yemen. the fraction of conflicts in Muslim countries has increased markedly, as shown in Figure 3. But since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, civil wars have declined sharply in most parts of the globe although less so in Muslim countries. Fifth, religion is only one of many factors that lead to instability and violence in largely Muslim states. But should we control for something that may conceivably be part of the explanation? After years of bitter fighting that involved the three Bosnian groups as well as the Yugoslav army, Western countries with backing by the North Atlantic . We reached a point of to be or not to be. Mustafagull/Getty Images Though the two main sects within Islam, Sunni and Shia, agree on most of the fundamental beliefs and practices of Islam, a bitter split between the two goes back some. The other seven including Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and Egypt, four of the five countries with the worlds largest Muslim populations havent faced civil war for a decade or more. For to say that every failure is the devil's work is the same as asking God, or the devil himself (which is to say these days the Americans), to solve one's problems. [4] [5] [6] Today, the Muslim-majority regions of Europe are the Balkans ( Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and the European part of Turkey ), some Russian republics in the North Caucasus and the Idel-Ural region, and the European part of Kazakhstan. The spread of Islam through merchants, missionaries, and pilgrims was very different in nature. Tensions between Sunnis and Shias, exploited by regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran, could reshape the future Middle East. The largest Muslim countries in the world are non-Arab. The 2002 Global Attitudes survey found that the war on terror drew more opposition from Arab and other Muslim-majority countries than from any other part of the globe, and although the degree of opposition in specific countries has fluctuated somewhat over time, the overall picture is clear: the U.S. has not won the battle for Muslim public opin. A no-fly zone might help Ukraine. [20][21], [Europeans] have known the power of Islam themselves for it once ruled part of Europe, and they know that true Islam is opposed to their activities. Executive Producer: Jeremy Sherlick Most of today's wars are in Muslim countries - World Watch Monitor ISIS rebranded as the Islamic State in July 2014 and declared its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, as caliph. They have resorted to malicious propaganda (). The cumulative result is Islamic countries are relatively more isolated and disconnected than the rest of the world. Sayyid Qutb, for example, not only believed the West had "a well-thought-out scheme the object of which is first to shake the foundations of Islamic beliefs," but maintained that the medieval Christian Crusades were not "a form of imperialism," but rather Western imperialism was a new form of the Crusades, "latter-day" imperialism in Muslim lands being "but a mask for the crusading spirit. Turkish military intervention in Syria. American Muslims' views on terrorism and concerns about extremism | Pew Ukraine war latest: Russian soldiers 'feel at war' with commanders It wasn't until centuries later, at the end of the eleventh century, that Muslims made up the majority of subjects of the Islamic empires. His followers subsequently built an empire that would stretch from Central Asia to Spain less than a century after his death. with Carolyn Kissane [11] Arabian society was divided along tribal and clan lines with the most important divisions being between the "southern" and "northern" tribal associations. [61], The Universities of Georgia and Alabama in the United States conducted a study comparing media coverage of "terrorist attacks" committed by Islamist militants with those of non-Muslims in the United States. The Assad regime has consolidated control over Syrias Mediterranean coast, the capital of Damascus, and the central city of Homs, which together comprise a rump state contiguous with Hezbollahs strongholds in Lebanon, threatening the territorial integrity of Lebanon. .zip Read the article here (Open Access) In recent years, most armed conflicts have taken place in Muslim countries. Saudi Arabia provides hundreds of millions of dollars in financial support to the predominantly Sunni rebels in Syria, while simultaneously banning cash flows to al-Qaeda and extremist jihadi groups fighting the Assad regime. Why is the Islamic world still torn by war? - The Boston Globe Muslim nations publish scientific papers far less frequently per capita than most other regions of the world. There is hope, though. The 2011 protests and brutal government crackdown uncovered sectarian tensions, which have rippled across the region. [29], According to scholar David B. Cook, a religious studies professor at Rice University, what some believe is scriptural evidence for the existence of the alleged "War against Islam" is found in a popular hadith, one that supposedly prophesies a war against Islam is the "Tradition of Thawban"[clarification needed]:[31], The Messenger of God said: The nations are about to flock against you [the Muslims] from every horizon, just as hungry people flock to a kettle. Demography and Geography The first challenge in studying Muslim immigrants in the United States is counting them. clockThis article was published more than1 year ago. When the French occupied Algeria in 1830, they declared that they had in mind 'the greatest benefit to Christendom'. Or it might lead to nuclear war. In Yemen, Houthi rebels have expanded their territorial control, which Saudi Arabia perceives as a potential beachhead for Iran on the Arabian peninsula, along vital shipping routes in the Red Sea and in territory abutting Saudi Arabias own marginalized Shia minority. But a debate over succession split the community, with some arguing that leadership should be awarded to qualified individuals and others insisting that the only legitimate ruler must come through Mohammeds bloodline. Without development, instability and war become far more likely. Muslim clerics in Russia have backed Vladimir Putins offensive and tried to rally the support of Russias estimated 20 million or more Muslims (at least 14 percent of the countrys population). Jordan and Iraq are struggling to provide housing and services to an impoverished and traumatized population. 'Barbie' Rolls Out in Saudi Arabia With Pink Abayas, Slushies and Fulcher of Chartres' account of Urban's speech. Such a problem is much more complex than any quora post can answer. The lands they attempted to recover were the lands where Christianity was founded, including "the holy land where Christ had lived, taught and died", and where "a substantial proportion of the population perhaps even a majority, was still Christian", since "not much more than four centuries had passed since the Arab Muslim conquerors had wrested theses lands from Christendom". Numerous Muslim names have already appeared on lists of captives, and according to analysis by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, about one third of casualties are soldiers with non-Slavic, mostly Muslim names. Bosnian War | Facts, Summary, Combatants, & War Crimes Alongside the proxy battle is the renewed fervor of armed militants, motivated by the goals of cleansing the faith or preparing the way for the return of the messiah. Among the 10countries with the largest Muslim populations, only three Pakistan, Nigeria and Iraq saw civil war in 2014. But in the post-Cold War era, most wars are civil wars and Muslim countries have a disproportionate share of these. Islams dominant sect, which roughly 85 percent of the worlds 1.6 billion Muslims follow, viewed Shia Islam with suspicion, and extremist Sunnis have portrayed Shias as heretics and apostates. In Ukraine, Kadyrovs forces have become a symbol of Russian tyranny and for some, Muslim-Christian conflict. Ankara By Fatih Hafiz Mehmet and Ali Abo Rezeg ANKARA The Turkish presidential spokesman said Friday that 60 percent of conflicts globally are occurring in Muslim nations. by Lindsay Maizland The only healthy democracies are Bangladesh and Indonesia, both countries at peace. Interstate wars wars between nations are now rare, and civil wars are now largely concentrated in an arc from Central Africa to the Caucasus. These deaths could have significant geopolitical implications. Riyadhclosely monitorspotential restlessness in its oil-rich eastern provinces, home to its Shia minority, and deployed its forces, along with other Gulf countries, to suppress a largely Shia uprising in Bahrain. But, after four years of negotiations between the government and the FARC guerrilla movement, a cease-fire was signed in August. February 1, 2023 [71] Proponents of this view often consider the War on Terrorism with the accompanying 2001 military activity in Afghanistan, 2003 invasion of Iraq to be part of the war against Islam. January 31, 2022, How New Tobacco Control Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on U.S. Cancer, Interactive Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war. At the end of 2022, 52% of the world's refugee population came from Syria, Ukraine, and Afghanistan. The study was based on an analysis of news reports covering terrorist attacks in the United States between 2005 and 2015. Shias comprisea majority in Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain, and a plurality in Lebanon, while Sunnis make up the majority of more than forty countries from Morocco to Indonesia. Answer (1 of 3): It has to do with economics, goverments, education, history or even culture. Videos of their exploits have circulated on social media, and Ukrainians have accused them of attempting to assassinate President Volodymyr Zelensky. Nils Petter Gleditsch is research professor at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and former editor of Journal of Peace Research. The picture is almost equally grim if we look at other forms of violence. How Muslim Migration Is Reshaping Europe - The Atlantic What bears no doubt in this fierce Judeo-Christian campaign against the Muslim world, the likes of which has never been seen before, is that the Muslims must prepare all possible might to repel the enemy (). August 15, 2023 Their authority is not universal, and it remains unclear how Muslims, particularly those with sons in the military, will respond.
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